Tetrapyrroles are macrocyclic molecules with various structural variants and multiple
functions in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. Present knowledge about the metabolism of …

Programmed cell death (PCD) is a ubiquitous genetically regulated process consisting in an
activation of finely controlled signaling pathways that lead to cellular suicide. Although some …

Chloroplasts are crucial players in the activation of defensive hormonal responses during
plant-pathogen interactions. Here, we show that a plant virus-encoded protein re-localizes …

Flowering plants (angiosperms) can grow at extreme altitudes, and have been observed
growing as high as 6,400 metres above sea level,; however, the molecular mechanisms that …

The Fourth Edition of the Handbook of Photosynthesis offers a unique and comprehensive
collection of topics in the field of photosynthesis, serving as an invaluable resource in this …

The chloroplast is a complex cellular organelle that not only performs photosynthesis but
also synthesizes amino acids, lipids, and phytohormones. Nuclear and chloroplast genetic …

Environmental information perceived by chloroplasts can be translated into retrograde
signals that alter the expression of nuclear genes. Singlet oxygen (1O2) generated by …

5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is the key precursor for the biosynthesis of tetrapyrrole
compounds, with wide applications in medicine, agriculture and other burgeoning fields …

Crop productivity is restricted by various abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, heat, and
cold. Many efforts have been taken to decrease the inhibition of plant growth by alleviating …

Singlet oxygen (1O2) refers to the lowest excited electronic state of molecular oxygen. It
easily oxidizes biological molecules and, therefore, is cytotoxic. In plant cells, 1O2 is formed …