Over the course of past few years, cancer immunotherapy has been accompanied with
promising results. However, preliminary investigations with respect to immunotherapy …

Ovarian cancer remains one of the most challenging malignancies to treat. Targeted
therapies such as poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have emerged as one of …

Ovarian cancer is not a single disease and can be subdivided into at least five different
histological subtypes that have different identifiable risk factors, cells of origin, molecular …

Immunotherapy has recently emerged as the fourth pillar of cancer treatment, joining
surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. While early immunotherapies focused on …

Monoclonal antibodies targeted against the immune checkpoint molecules CTLA-4 and PD-
1 have recently obtained approval for the treatment of metastatic melanoma and …

Immunological destruction of tumors is a multistep, coordinated process that can be
modulated or targeted at several critical points to elicit tumor rejection. These steps in the …

The programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) is one of the checkpoints that regulates the
immune response. Ligation of PD1 with its ligands PDL1 and PDL2 results in transduction of …

Recent studies showed that tumor cells 'edit'host immunity in several ways to evade immune
defenses in the tumor microenvironment. This phenomenon is called “cancer immune …

Antibodies that target the immune checkpoint receptor programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-
1) have resulted in prolonged and beneficial responses toward a variety of human cancers …

Objective As a negative regulator of T cells, Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) is both an
indicator and inhibitor of anti-tumor immune responses, which has led to confusion about its …