Sugars not only fuel cellular carbon and energy metabolism but also play pivotal roles as
signaling molecules. The experimental amenability of yeast as a unicellular model system …

Like all organisms, plants require energy for growth. They achieve this by absorbing light
and fixing it into a usable, chemical form via photosynthesis. The resulting carbohydrate …

Rice is sensitive to cold and can be grown only in certain climate zones. Human selection of
japonica rice has extended its growth zone to regions with lower temperature, while the …

The Arabidopsis immune receptor FLS2 perceives bacterial flagellin epitope flg22 to activate
defenses through the central cytoplasmic kinase BIK1. The heterotrimeric G proteins …

Heterotrimeric G-proteins are intracellular partners of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs).
GPCRs act on inactive Gα· GDP/Gβγ heterotrimers to promote GDP release and GTP …

Heterotrimeric G proteins (Gα, Gβ/Gγ subunits) constitute one of the most important
components of cell signaling cascade. G Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) perceive …

In animals, heterotrimeric G proteins, comprising α-, β-and γ-subunits, perceive extracellular
stimuli through cell surface receptors, and transmit signals to ion channels, enzymes and …

The heterotrimeric G-protein alpha subunit has long been considered a bimodal, GTP-
hydrolyzing switch controlling the duration of signal transduction by seven-transmembrane …

In plants, G proteins modulate signaling by the stress hormone, abscisic acid (ABA). We
identify and characterize two novel Arabidopsis proteins that show homology to an orphan …

Highlights•The endocytic pathway is a site of active GPCR-initiated signaling.•G protein-
dependent and G protein-independent signaling can occur from endosomes.•Some GPCRs …