The neurotransmitter dopamine is a key factor in central nervous system (CNS) function,
regulating many processes including reward, movement, and cognition. Dopamine also …

Helping B cells and antibody responses is a major function of CD4+ T cells. It has been 10
years since the publication of Bcl6 as the lineage-defining transcription factor for T follicular …

B cells and the antibodies they produce have a deeply penetrating influence on human
physiology. Here, we review current understanding of how B cell responses are initiated; the …

The identification of CD4+ T cells localizing to B cell follicles has revolutionized the
knowledge of how humoral immunity is generated. Follicular helper T (TFH) cells support …

The CD40 receptor and its ligand CD40L is one of the most critical molecular pairs of the
stimulatory immune checkpoints. Both CD40 and CD40L have a membrane form and a …

Communication between CD4 T cells and cognate B cells is key for the former to fully mature
into germinal center–T follicular helper (GC-TFH) cells and for the latter to mount a CD4 T …

Dopamine is derived from an amino acid, phenylalanine, which must be obtained through
the diet. Dopamine, known primarily to be a neurotransmitter involved in almost any higher …

CXCL13 is a B-cell chemokine produced mainly by mesenchymal lymphoid tissue organizer
cells, follicular dendritic cells, and human T follicular helper cells. By binding to its receptor …

Class-switch recombination (CSR) is a DNA recombination process that replaces the
immunoglobulin (Ig) constant region for the isotype that can best protect against the …

Immune cells rely on cell-cell communication to specify and fine-tune their responses. They
express an extensive network of cell communication modes, including a vast repertoire of …