Alkali-activated binders for concrete composites are emerging as the available low-
embodied-carbon alternatives to ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Despite decades of …

Cementitious materials exposed to marine and saline environments are commonly
threatened by a combined attack of sulfate and chloride ions. This study developed a …

Structural systems are consistently encountering the variabilities in material properties,
undesirable defects and loading environments, which may potentially shorten their designed …

Concrete durability degradation problems have received considerable attention in both
research field and concrete industry during recent decades. To better understand the …

Reinforced concrete (RC) structures may suffer from serious durability problems during long-
term service. To investigate the deterioration of RC structures subjected to the dual attacks of …

Chemical aggressions from the environment, such as salt ions, can damage reinforced
concrete structures before they reach their service life. These deterioration mechanisms are …

In circumstances with wastewater and seawater, the behavior of multi-ions including
calcium, chloride and others in concrete attracts attention. The present study investigated the …

A growing body of evidence has suggested an aggravated chloride diffusion in concrete
exposed to seawater than to pure NaCl solution of the same chloride concentration …

Drying–wetting cycles (DWC) are suspected of influencing the performance of concrete
under sulfate attack, but the nature and extent of this influence are still unclear. Therefore …

Concrete technology has significantly advanced towards alternative sustainable and eco-
friendly cement-based materials. Accordingly, the durability of real-life blended concrete …