Subunit vaccines are more advantageous than live attenuated vaccines in terms of safety
and scale-up manufacture. However, this often comes as a trade-off to their efficacy. Over …

Polymer-based nanoparticles of tailored size, morphology, and surface properties have
attracted increasing attention as carriers for drugs, biomolecules, and genes. By protecting …

Although vaccines are available for many infectious diseases, there are still unresolved
infectious diseases that threaten global public health. In particular, the rapid spread of …

Despite the success of vaccines in preventing many infectious diseases, effective vaccines
against pathogens with ongoing challenges—such as HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis …

Chemo-immunotherapy has gained increasing attention as one of the most promising
combination therapy strategies to battle cancer. In this study, the therapeutic nanoparticles …

Biodegradable microparticles (MPs) as vaccine adjuvants have sparked the passion of
researchers in recent decades. However, it is still a huge challenge to develop an efficient …

Abstract Poly (lactic acid)(PLA) has excellent properties of biodegradability and
biocompatibility, which is a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved biopolymer …

Antigen delivery through an oral route requires overcoming multiple challenges, including
gastrointestinal enzymes, mucus, and epithelial tight junctions. Although each barrier has a …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) & hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a substantial reason for
morbidity and mortality around the world. Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection is connected …

Nano-adjuvant vaccines could induce immune responses and enhance immunogenicity.
However, the application and manufacturing of nano-adjuvant is hampered by its …