We review the use of emission lines for understanding galaxy evolution, focusing on
excitation source, metallicity, ionization parameter, ISM pressure, and electron density. We …

This paper describes the physical foundations of the newly discovered “entropy defect” as a
basic concept of thermodynamics. The entropy defect quantifies the change in entropy …

Kappa distributions describe particle velocities and energies in collisionless particle systems
such as space and astrophysical plasmas. While we understand the possible mechanisms …

The recently developed concept of" entropic defect" is important for understanding the
foundations of thermodynamics in space plasma physics, and more generally for systems …

This paper develops explicit and consistent definitions of the independent thermodynamic
properties of temperature and the kappa index within the framework of nonextensive …

The propagation of electron acoustic solitary waves is investigated in magnetized two‐
temperature electron plasma with supra‐thermal ion. By using the reductive perturbation …

We derive annual sky maps of the proton temperature in the inner heliosheath (IHS), and
track their temporal evolution over the years 2009–2016 of Interstellar Boundary Explorer …

One of the fundamental open questions in plasma physics is the role of non-thermal
particles distributions in poorly collisional plasma environments, a system that is commonly …

Analyses of 15,314 electron velocity distribution functions (VDFs) within±2 hr of 52
interplanetary (IP) shocks observed by the Wind spacecraft near 1 au are introduced. The …

It is shown that the polytropic behavior—a specific power-law relationship among the
thermal plasma moments—restricts the functional form of the distribution of particle velocities …