In recent years, immunotherapy represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has led
to unprecedented breakthroughs in cancer treatment. However, the fact that many tumors …

As an essential innate immune population for maintaining body homeostasis and warding
off foreign pathogens, macrophages display high plasticity and perform diverse supportive …

The mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a downstream mediator in the
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathways, which plays a pivotal role in …

The innate immune system is central for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and quickly
responds to local or systemic perturbations by pathogenic or sterile insults. This rapid …

Exosomes can mediate a dynamic method of communication between malignancies,
including those sequestered in the central nervous system and the immune system. We …

Tumor angiogenesis is an essential process for supplying rapidly growing malignant tissues
with essential nutrients and oxygen. An angiogenic switch allows tumor cells to survive and …

Autophagy is a conserved bulk degradation and recycling process that plays important roles
in multiple biological functions, including inflammatory responses. As an important …

Macrophages are able to polarize to proinflammatory M1 or alternative M2 states with
distinct phenotypes and physiological functions. How metabolic status regulates …

The development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are dependent on its
local microenvironment. Hypoxia and inflammation are two critical factors that shape the …

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are critical in promoting tumor progression and
therapeutic resistance. In adapting to metabolic changes in the tumor microenvironment …