The genetic code is degenerate, and most amino acids are encoded by two to six
synonymous codons. Codon usage bias, the preference for certain synonymous codons, is a …

Chloroplast translation is essential for cellular viability and plant development. Its positioning
at the intersection of organellar RNA and protein metabolism makes it a unique point for the …

Codon usage bias is a universal feature of eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes and has
been proposed to regulate translation efficiency, accuracy, and protein folding based on the …

Folates enable the activation and transfer of one-carbon units for the biosynthesis of purines,
thymidine and methionine,,. Antifolates are important immunosuppressive and anticancer …

In eukaryotes, ribosome profiling provides insight into the mechanism of protein synthesis at
the codon level. In bacteria, however, the method has been more problematic and no …

In the cell, proteins are synthesized from N to C terminus and begin to fold during translation.
Cotranslational folding mechanisms are therefore linked to elongation rate, which varies as …

Ribosomes translate genetic information into polypeptides in several basic steps: initiation,
elongation, termination and recycling. When ribosomes are arrested during elongation or …

The rate of protein synthesis varies according to the mRNA sequence in ways that affect
gene expression. Global analysis of translational pausing is now possible with ribosome …

The first broad-spectrum antibiotic chloramphenicol and one of the newest clinically
important antibacterials, linezolid, inhibit protein synthesis by targeting the peptidyl …

Codon usage biases are found in all eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes and have been
proposed to regulate different aspects of translation process. Codon optimality has been …