This review provides a detailed look at the attributes and immunologic mechanisms of
plasmid DNA vaccines and their utility as laboratory tools as well as potential human …

Vaccines are instrumental in controlling the burden of influenza virus infection in humans
and animals. Antibodies raised against both major viral surface glycoproteins …

A phase I clinical trial was conducted to evaluate a monovalent influenza DNA vaccine
containing the HA gene from A/Panama/2007/99 delivered by particle-mediated epidermal …

Cross-protection against a lethal influenza virus infection was examined in BALB/c mice
immunized with plasmid DNAs encoding the neuraminidase (NA) from different subtype A …

Purpose Vaccination is the safest and most effective measure against influenza virus
infections. However, traditional influenza vaccines cannot respond effectively to an …

Although it is well accepted that the present Asian H5N1 panzootic is predominantly an
animal health problem, the human health implications and the risk of human pandemic have …

The neuraminidase protein of influenza viruses is a surface glycoprotein that shows
enzymatic activity to remove sialic acid, the viral receptor, from both viral and host proteins …

Swine influenza is an important contagious disease in pigs caused by influenza A viruses.
Although only three subtypes of influenza A viruses, H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2, predominantly …

Annual vaccination is not effective in conferring cross-protection against antigenically
different influenza viruses. Therefore, it is of high priority to improve the cross protective …

DNA vaccines have many advantages such as thermostability and the ease and rapidity of
manufacture; for example, in an influenza pandemic situation where rapid production of …