Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are generated through various endogenous
and exogenous processes; however, they are neutralized by enzymatic and non-enzymatic …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are by‐products of normal cell activity. They are produced
in many cellular compartments and play a major role in signaling pathways. Overproduction …

BACKGROUND: Glutathione-dependent catalysis is a metabolic adaptation to chemical
challenges encountered by all life forms. In the course of evolution, nature optimized …

Abstract Thioredoxins (Trxs), glutaredoxins (Grxs), and peroxiredoxins (Prxs) have been
characterized as electron donors, guards of the intracellular redox state, and “antioxidants” …

Mitochondria serves a primary role in energy maintenance but also function to govern levels
of mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species (mROS). ROS have long been established …

BACKGROUND: Thioredoxin systems, involving redox active thioredoxins and thioredoxin
reductases, sustain a number of important thioredoxin-dependent pathways. These systems …

Prxs (peroxiredoxins) are a family of proteins that are extremely effective at scavenging
peroxides. The Prxs exhibit a number of intriguing properties that distinguish them from …

Sulfhydryl chemistry plays a vital role in normal biology and in defense of cells against
oxidants, free radicals, and electrophiles. Modification of critical cysteine residues is an …

Since their discovery as a substrate for ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), the role of
thioredoxin (Trx) and glutaredoxin (Grx) has been largely extended through their regulatory …

Reversible protein S-glutathionylation (protein-SSG) is an important post-translational
modification, providing protection of protein cysteines from irreversible oxidation and serving …