High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a ubiquitous nuclear protein that is present in almost
all cells and regulates the activity of innate immune responses in both intracellular and …

Salidroside (SAL) is a phenylpropanoid glycoside monomer extracted from Rhodiola at high
altitudes. It has been proven to have protective effects on myocardial injury, liver cancer …

Background Microglial polarization with M1/M2 phenotype shifts and the subsequent
neuroinflammatory responses are vital contributing factors for spinal cord injury (SCI) …

Background Microglial polarization and the subsequent neuroinflammatory response are
contributing factors for traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced secondary injury. High mobile …

Fibrosis, which is characterized by excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, is a
wound-healing response to organ injury and may promote cancer and failure in various …

Inflammation plays a key role in the progression of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Here,
we examined the effects of astaxanthin (ATX) on the inflammatory response and secondary …

Aims Sepsis is a complex pathophysiological event involving systemic inflammatory
response syndrome, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and tissue damage such as acute …

Background Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is characterized by diffuse brain
dysfunction, long-term cognitive impairment, and increased morbidity and mortality. The …

Rhodiola is an ancient wild plant that grows in rock areas in high-altitude mountains with a
widespread habitat in Asia, Europe, and America. From empirical belief to research studies …

Microglial polarization to the M1 phenotype (classically activated) or the M2 phenotype
(alternatively activated) is critical in determining the fate of immune responses in …