The increasingly recognized role of different types of B cells and plasma cells in protective
and pathogenic immune responses combined with technological advances have generated …

While inbred mice have informed most of what we know about the immune system in the
modern era, they have clear limitations with respect to their ability to be informative …

Generating sufficient antibody to block infection is a key challenge for vaccines against
malaria. Here, we show that antibody titers to a key target, the repeat region of the …

Each antibody-producing B cell makes antibodies of unique specificity, reflecting a series of
ordered gene rearrangements which must be successfully performed if the cell is to survive …

B cells are essential for humoral immunity, but the role that they have in regulating CD4+ T
cell responses remains controversial. However, new data showing that the transient …

IgD emerged soon after IgM at the time of inception of the adaptive immune system. Despite
its evolutionary conservation from fish to humans, the specific functions of IgD have only …

The role of BAFF in B cell self tolerance was examined by tracking the fate of anti-HEL self-
reactive B cells in BAFF transgenic mice using four different models of self-reactive B cell …

Antibody-secreting plasma cells are nonrecirculatory and lodge in splenic red pulp, lymph
node medullary cords, and bone marrow. The factors that regulate plasma cell localization …

The best-understood mechanisms for achieving antibody self/non-self discrimination discard
self-reactive antibodies before they can be tested for binding microbial antigens, potentially …

Abstract THE long-standing hypothesis1, 2 that tolerance to self antigens is mediated by
either elimination3–8 or functional inactivation (anergy; refs 9-11) of self-reactive …