Lung ventilation fluctuates widely with behavior but arterial PCO 2 remains stable. Under
normal conditions, the chemoreflexes contribute to PaCO 2 stability by producing small …

In this review, we examine why blood pressure (BP) and sympathetic nerve activity (SNA)
increase during a rise in central nervous system (CNS) Pco2 (central chemoreceptor …

The precise neural circuitry that mediates arousal during sleep apnea is not known. We
previously found that glutamatergic neurons in the external lateral parabrachial nucleus …

Key points Central chemoreceptor stimulation, by hypercapnia (acidosis), and peripheral, by
hypoxia plus hypercapnia, evoke reflex increases in ventilation and sympathetic outflow …

The retrotrapezoid nucleus contains Phox2b-expressing glutamatergic neurons (RTN-
Phox2b neurons) that regulate breathing in a CO2-dependent manner. Here we use …

Activation of rostral ventrolateral medullary catecholaminergic (RVLM-CA) neurons eg, by
hypoxia is thought to increase sympathetic outflow thereby raising blood pressure (BP) …

Opioids depress minute ventilation primarily by reducing respiratory rate. This results from
direct effects on the preBötzinger Complex as well as from depression of the …

Rationale: The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) contains central respiratory
chemoreceptors (retrotrapezoid nucleus, RTN) and the sympathoexcitatory, hypoxia …

Phox2b is required for development of the peripheral autonomic nervous system and a
subset of cranial nerves and lower brainstem nuclei. Phox2b mutations in man cause diffuse …

Injection of the neurotoxin saporin–substance P (SSP‐SAP) into the retrotrapezoid nucleus
(RTN) attenuates the central chemoreflex in rats. Here we ask whether these deficits are …