Additive manufacturing (AM) is the process of printing 3D objects in a layer‐by‐layer
manner. Polymers and their composites are some of the most widely used materials in …

Bioactive materials developed through three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology
exhibit static nature and don't respond to the dynamic changes occurred in the human body …

Native tissues orchestrate their functions by complex interdependent cascades of
biochemical and biophysical cues that vary spatially and temporally during cellular …

Abstract 4D printed objects are 3D printed structures whose shape, property, and
functionality are able to self‐transform when exposed to a predetermined stimulus. The …

In recent periods, shape memory hydrogels (SMHs) have sought conjoint attention from
industries as well as academia owing their intrinsic biocompatibility as well as …

The functionality of multi-stimuli-responsive hydrogels in physiological states is the reason
for the increased attention of hydrogels nowadays. Multi-stimuli-responsive hydrogels …

The emergence of micro/nanomaterials in recent decades has brought promising alternative
approaches in various biomedicine‐related fields such as pharmaceutics, diagnostics, and …

Abstract 3D bioprinting is an advanced technology combining cells and bioactive molecules
within a single bioscaffold; however, this scaffold cannot change, modify or grow in response …

Micrometer‐sized hydrogels are cross‐linked three‐dimensional network matrices with high‐
water contents and dimensions ranging from several to hundreds of micrometers. Due to …

Various intelligent hydrogels have been developed for biomedical applications because
they can achieve multiple, variable, controllable and reversible changes in their shape and …