The occurrence of cooperation poses a problem for the biological and social sciences.
However, many aspects of the biological and social science literatures on this subject have …

Across the tree of life, hosts have evolved mechanisms to control and mediate interactions
with symbiotic partners. We suggest that the evolution of physical structures that allow hosts …

Plants and their arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal symbionts interact in complex underground
networks involving multiple partners. This increases the potential for exploitation and …

Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 1459–1474 Abstract There is growing concern that rapid
environmental degradation threatens mutualistic interactions. Because mutualisms can bind …

Like altruism, mutualism, cooperation between species, evolves only by enhancing all
participants' inclusive fitness. Mutualism evolves most readily between members of different …

Theory suggests that cheaters threaten the persistence of mutualisms, but that sanctions to
prevent cheating can stabilize mutualisms. In the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, reports …

1University of Maryland* Corresponding author (Email: gcarter@ umd. edu) Citation–Carter,
G.(2014). The reciprocity controversy. Animal Behavior and Cognition, 1 (3), 368-386. doi …

It has been argued that cooperative behavior in the plant-mycorrhizal mutualism resembles
trade in a market economy and can be understood using economic tools. Here, we assess …

Preferential allocation towards the most beneficial mutualist could maintain mycorrhizal
mutualism. Context dependence of preferential allocation could then determine …

Although mutualisms are common in all ecological communities and have played key roles
in the diversification of life, our current understanding of the evolution of cooperation applies …