A wide range of microorganisms produce extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), highly
hydrated polymers that are mainly composed of polysaccharides, proteins, and DNA. EPS …

Microbial cells (ie, bacteria, archaea, microeukaryotes) in oceans secrete a diverse array of
large molecules, collectively called extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) or simply …

The Earth's cryosphere comprises those regions that are cold enough for water to turn into
ice. Recent findings show that the icy realms of polar oceans, glaciers and ice sheets are …

Ice-binding proteins (IBPs) are a diverse class of proteins that assist organism survival in the
presence of ice in cold climates. They have different origins in many organisms, including …

Since the development of methods to quantify transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) 1993,
it has been shown that these gel-particles are not only ubiquitous and abundant, but also …

The growth of phytoplankton at high latitudes was generally thought to begin in open waters
of the marginal ice zone once the highly reflective sea ice retreats in spring, solar elevation …

Cold environments represent the majority of the biosphere on Earth and have been
successfully colonized by psychrophilic microorganisms that are able to thrive at low …

The ability of psychrophiles to survive and proliferate at low temperatures implies that they
have overcome key barriers inherent to permanently cold environments. These challenges …

The surface of ice exhibits the swath of phase-transition phenomena common to all
materials and as such it acts as an ideal test bed of both theory and experiment. It is readily …

The Arctic has undergone dramatic change during the past decade. The observed changes
include atmospheric sea-level pressure, wind fields, sea-ice drift, ice cover, length of melt …