Over the last century hundreds of studies have demonstrated that testing is an effective
intervention to enhance long-term retention of studied knowledge and facilitate mastery of …

Research on the psychology of learning has highlighted straightforward ways of enhancing
learning. However, effective learning strategies are underused by learners. In this Review …

Students' judgments of their own learning are often misled by intuitive yet false ideas about
how people learn. In educational settings, learning experiences that minimize effort and …

Surveys indicate that at all educational levels students often use relatively ineffective study
strategies. One potential remedy is to include learning-strategy training into students' …

Testing students on information that they do not know might seem like a fruitless endeavor.
After all, why give anyone a test that they are guaranteed to fail because they have not yet …

Over a century of research has established practice testing as a highly robust learning
strategy that promotes long-term retention. However, learners do not always appreciate the …

Online education has made it possible to implement the “classes suspended but learning
continues” policy during the COVID-19 outbreak. However, the intangible sense of the …

Recent research shows the importance to teach students the self-regulated use of effective
learning strategies at university. However, the effects of such training programs on students' …

Desirable difficulties are learning conditions that are often experienced as effortful, but have
a positive effect on learning results and transfer of knowledge and skills (Bjork & Bjork,; …

Under normal circumstances, when students invest more effort in their schoolwork, they
generally show evidence of improved academic achievement. But when universities …