It is predicted that Japan and European Union will soon experience appreciable decreases
in their populations due to persistently low total fertility rates (TFR) below replacement level …

BACKGROUND There is uncertainty over whether maternal smoking is associated with birth
defects. We conducted the first ever comprehensive systematic review to establish which …

BACKGROUND Hypospadias is a common congenital malformation of the male external
genitalia. Most cases have an unknown aetiology, which is probably a mix of monogenic …

Undescended testis—known as cryptorchidism—is one of the most common congenital
abnormalities observed in boys, and is one of the few known risk factors for testicular cancer …

We used the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III),
conducted from 1988 to 1994, to investigate the relationship between environmental …

OBJECTIVE: We assessed whether preeclampsia correlates with the long-term postnatal
health of the offspring. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a population-based cohort study of …

Undescended testis is a common finding in boys, and the majority of cases have no
discernible aetiology. There are unexplained geographical differences and temporal trends …

The original 'oestrogen hypothesis' postulated that the apparent increase in human male
reproductive developmental disorders (testis cancer, cryptorchidism, hypospadias, low …

Background Transgenerational effects of diethylstilbestrol (DES) have been reported in
animals, but effects in human beings are unknown. Alerted by two case reports, we aimed to …

Background Exposure to xenoestrogens during pregnancy may disturb the development
and function of male sexual organs. Objective In this study we aimed to determine whether …