Brain structure varies between people in a markedly organized fashion. Communities of
brain regions co-vary in their morphological properties. For example, cortical thickness in …

Morphometrics, the field of biological shape analysis, has undergone major change in
recent years. Most of this change has been due to the development and adoption of …

The first edition of Geometric Morphometrics for Biologists has been the primary resource for
teaching modern geometric methods of shape analysis to biologists who have a stronger …

Phenotypic integration is a pervasive characteristic of organisms. Numerous analyses have
demonstrated that patterns of phenotypic integration are conserved across large clades, but …

Quantifying integration and modularity of evolutionary changes in morphometric traits is
crucial for understanding how organismal shapes evolve. For this purpose, comparative …

Biological systems, from molecular complexes to whole organisms and ecological
interactions, tend to have a modular organization. Modules are sets of traits that are …

Identifying the modular components of a configuration of landmarks is an important task of
morphometric analyses in evolutionary developmental biology. Modules are integrated …

Morphological integration and modularity have become central concepts in evolutionary
biology and geometric morphometrics. This review summarizes the most frequently used …

Geometric morphometric methods rely on the accurate identification and quantification of
landmarks on biological specimens. As in any empirical analysis, the assessment of inter …

It is well known that the human skull achieves adult size through a superior–inferior gradient
of maturation. Because the basicranium matures in size before the face, it has been …