Since first introduced more than two decades ago, the research in imidazoline I 2 receptors
has been steadily increasing. This review provides an update on the current status of I 2 …

Astroglia are multifunctional cells that regulate neuroinflammation and maintain
homeostasis within the brain. Astroglial α-synuclein-positive cytoplasmic accumulations …

Background The assessment of facial expressions associated with pain has been used to
evaluate pain in humans and has recently found application in non‐human mammals …

This paper is the thirty-eighth consecutive installment of the annual review of research
concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2015 …

Vitexin, a C-glycosylated flavone present in several medicinal herbs, has showed various
pharmacological activities including antinociception. The present study investigated the …

Persistent transcriptional and morphological events in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and
other brain reward regions contribute to the long-lasting behavioral adaptations that …

Background: Chronic postsurgical pain, a significant public health problem, occurs in 10 to
50% of patients undergoing major surgery. Acute pain induces endogenous analgesia …

The rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) of rat brain is associated with pain-related
emotions. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, we …

Background and Purpose This study examined the antinociceptive effects of sinomenine in a
rat model of postoperative pain. Experimental Approach Male and female rats were …

Background: Postoperative pain (PO) is a common form of acute pain. Inadequate PO
treatment is an important health problem, as it leads to worse outcomes, such as chronic …