Research should equitably reflect responses in men and women. Including women in
research, however, necessitates an understanding of the ovarian hormones and menstrual …

The appearance of creatine kinase (CK) in blood has been generally considered to be an
indirect marker of muscle damage, particularly for diagnosis of medical conditions such as …

Cryotherapy is utilized as a physical intervention in the treatment of injury and exercise
recovery. Traditionally, ice is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal injury while cold water …

Nonpharmacological treatment strategies for acute musculoskeletal injury revolve around
pain reduction and promotion of healing in order to facilitate a return to normal function and …

Resistance exercise has been shown to elicit a significant acute hormonal response. It
appears that this acute response is more critical to tissue growth and remodelling than …

Aging is associated with a loss of sex hormone in both men (andropause) and women
(menopause). In men, reductions in testosterone can trigger declines in muscle mass, bone …

Exercise-induced increases in core body temperature could negative impact performance
and may lead to development of heat-related illnesses. The use of cooling techniques prior …

Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) can be caused by novel or unaccustomed
exercise and results in a temporary decrease in muscle force production, a rise in passive …

Exercise-induced muscle damage is a well documented phenomenon particularly resulting
from eccentric exercise. When eccentric exercise is unaccustomed or is performed with an …

Hormonal changes around ovulation divide the menstrual cycle (MC) into the follicular and
luteal phases. In addition, oral contraceptives (OCs) have active (higher hormone) and …