Animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) have proved highly effective in the discovery of
novel treatments for motor symptoms of PD and in the search for clues to the underlying …

In mice, the systemical or intracranial application of the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3,
6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) can lead to severe damage to the nigrostriatal dopaminergic …

Abstract GLIAL-CELL-LINE-DERIVED neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a recently cloned new
member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, promotes survival of cultured fetal …

The herbicide paraquat, bearing structural similarity to the known dopaminergic
neurotoxicant MPTP, has been suggested as a potential etiologic factor in Parkinson's …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders. Several
toxin-induced animals models simulate the motor deficits occurring in PD. Among them, the …

Animal models are an important aid in experimental medical science because they enable
one to study the pathogenetic mechanisms and the therapeutic principles of treating the …

Abstract Systemic administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)
gives rise to motor deficits in humans and other primates which closely resemble those seen …

Abuse of psychoactive substances can lead to drug addiction. In animals, addiction is best
modeled by drug self-administration paradigms. It has been proposed that the crucial …

Gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction is the most common non-motor symptom of Parkinson's
disease (PD). Symptoms of GI dysmotility include early satiety and nausea from delayed …

6-Hydroxydopamine-induced nerve terminal lesion of the nigrostriatal system may provide a
partial lesion model of Parkinson's disease useful for the assessment of neuroprotective …