Lotka's seminal work (Lotka AJ, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 6 (1920) 410)" on certain
rhythmic relations" is already one hundred years old, but the research activity about pattern …

Taxes are an essential and uniformly applied institution for maintaining modern societies.
However, the levels of taxation remain an intensive debate topic among citizens. If each …

In a diverse population, where many species are present, competitors can fight for surviving
at individual and collective levels. In particular, species, which would beat each other …

Competing strategies in an evolutionary game model, or species in a biosystem, can easily
form a larger unit which protects them from the invasion of an external actor. Such a …

The prototype of a cyclic dominant system is the so-called rock-scissors-paper game, but
similar relation among competing strategies can be identified in several other models of …

In ecosystems, cooperative behavior is universal and can dramatically improve a species'
chances of survival. Nevertheless, the situations that can occur when different species with …

The self-protection of alliances against external invaders is a key concept behind the
maintenance of biodiversity in the face of natural selection. But since these alliances, which …

The existence of neutral species carries profound ecological implications that warrant further
investigation. In this paper, we study the impact of neutral species on biodiversity in a spatial …

Securing space for species breeding is important in the evolution and maintenance of life in
ecological sciences, and an increase in the number of competing species may cause …

To understand the biodiversity of an ecosystem cannot be understood by solely analyzing
the pair relations of competing species. Instead, we should consider multi-point interactions …