Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are the important mediators of inflammatory pathways in the gut
which play a major role in mediating the immune responses towards a wide variety of …

A consequence of our progressively ageing global population is the increasing prevalence
of worldwide age-related cognitive decline and dementia. In the absence of effective …

Probiotics are living microorganisms that confer health benefits to the host when
administered in adequate amounts; however, dead bacteria and their components can also …

The microbiota, the gut, and the brain communicate through the microbiota-gut-brain axis in
a bidirectional way that involves the autonomic nervous system. The vagus nerve (VN), the …

In order to inhibit pathogenic complications and to enhance animal and poultry growth,
antibiotics have been extensively used for many years. Antibiotics applications not only …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is
characterized by chronic relapsing intestinal inflammation. It has been a worldwide health …

Background & Aims We previously established long-term, 3-dimensional culture of
organoids from mouse tissues (intestine, stomach, pancreas, and liver) and human intestine …

Purpose Radiation-induced fibrosis (RIF) is a long-term side effect of external beam
radiation therapy for the treatment of cancer. It results in a multitude of symptoms that …

Probiotics are live microorganisms that provide health benefits to the host when ingested in
adequate amounts. The strains most frequently used as probiotics include lactic acid …

Antibiotics administered in low doses have been widely used as growth promoters in the
agricultural industry since the 1950s, yet the mechanisms for this effect are unclear. Because …