Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes maladaptive changes to nociceptive synaptic circuits within
the injured spinal cord. Changes also occur at remote regions including the brain stem …

The social ants, bees, wasps, and termites include some of the most ecologically-successful
groups of animal species. Their dominance in most terrestrial environments is attributed to …

Patients with neuropathic pain often experience exaggerated pain and anxiety. Central
sensitization has been linked with the maintenance of neuropathic pain and may become an …

The cyclic nucleotide signaling, including cAMP-PKA and cGMP-PKG pathways, has been
well known to play critical roles in regulating cellular growth, metabolism and many other …

Brachial plexus injuries (BPIs) are high‐energy trauma that can result in serious functional
problems in the affected upper extremities, and brachial plexus avulsion (BPA) could be …

Background Idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia (TN) cases encountered frequently in daily
practice indicate significant gaps that still need to be illuminated in the etiopathogenesis. In …

Cyclic GMP (cGMP) is a second messenger that regulates numerous physiological and
pathophysiological processes. In recent years, more and more studies have uncovered …

Patients with chronic pain often experience exaggerated pain response and aversive
emotion, such as anxiety and depression. Central plasticity in the anterior cingulate cortex …

Objective Neuroimaging studies have shown that spinal cord injury (SCI) may lead to
significant brain changes that are the key factors affecting functional recovery. However, little …

Activation of protein kinase G (PKG) Iα in nociceptive neurons induces long-term
hyperexcitability that causes chronic pain. Recently, a derivative of the fungal metabolite …