Abstract Changes in ocean heat content (OHC) provide a measure of ocean warming, with
impacts on the Earth system. This Review synthesizes estimates of past and future OHC …

Recent global temperature reconstructions for the current interglacial period (the Holocene,
beginning 11,700 years ago) have generated contrasting trends. This Review examines …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

It is unequivocal that the increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4)
and nitrous oxide (N2O) since the pre-industrial period are caused by human activities. The …

Climate changes across the past 24,000 years provide key insights into Earth system
responses to external forcing. Climate model simulations, and proxy data,,,,–have …

Human-induced atmospheric composition changes cause a radiative imbalance at the top of
the atmosphere which is driving global warming. This Earth energy imbalance (EEI) is the …

Uncertainties persist in the understanding of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
and its response to external perturbations such as freshwater or radiative forcing. Abrupt …

Combined variations of insolation and ice sheet led to major global climatic and ecosystem
changes between the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the Holocene. However, little is …

From 10 Be surface-exposure dating we make the case that classic late-glacial moraines in
southwestern Norway, including the iconic Esmark moraine, and in the Southern …

Oxygen isotope ratios (δ18O) of foraminifera in marine sediment records have
fundamentally shaped our understanding of the ice ages and global climate change …