Since cancer stem cells (CSCs) were first identified in leukemia in 1994, they have been
considered promising therapeutic targets for cancer therapy. These cells have self-renewal …

The majority of breast cancers express the estrogen receptor (ERα) and agents targeting this
pathway represent the main treatment modality. Endocrine therapy has proven successful in …

Triple-negative (TNBC) is the most lethal subtype of breast cancer owing to high
heterogeneity, aggressive nature, and lack of treatment options. Chemotherapy remains the …

Abstract Background Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are subpopulations of cancer cells sharing
similar characteristics as normal stem or progenitor cells such as self-renewal ability and …

Abstract The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway was first identified in the common fruit fly. It
is a highly conserved evolutionary pathway of signal transmission from the cell membrane to …

The mammary gland is a highly dynamic organ that undergoes profound changes within its
epithelium during puberty and the reproductive cycle. These changes are fueled by …

The sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway is a major regulator of cell differentiation, cell
proliferation, and tissue polarity. Aberrant activation of the Shh pathway has been shown in …

Proliferation is an important part of cancer development and progression. This is manifest by
altered expression and/or activity of cell cycle related proteins. Constitutive activation of …

Since their identification in 1994, cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been objects of intensive
study. Their properties and mechanisms of formation have become a major focus of current …

The function of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in cancer is not limited to
angiogenesis and vascular permeability. VEGF-mediated signalling occurs in tumour cells …