Modern cancer therapy has successfully cured many cancers and converted a terminal
illness into a chronic disease. Because cancer patients often have coexisting heart …

Breast cancer is a multifactorial disease and driven by aberrant regulation of cell signaling
pathways due to the acquisition of genetic and epigenetic changes. An array of growth …

Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer and cancer death worldwide. Although
most patients present with localized breast cancer and may be rendered disease-free with …

Conventional chemotherapeutics and targeted antineoplastic agents have been developed
based on the simplistic notion that cancer constitutes a cell-autonomous genetic or …

Background Expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in solid tumours has been
shown to predict whether patients are likely to respond to anti-PD-L1 therapies. To estimate …

Strategies to treat cancer have focused primarily on the killing of tumor cells. Here, we
describe a differential stress resistance (DSR) method that focuses instead on protecting the …

Clinicians can use biomarkers to guide therapeutic decisions in estrogen receptor positive
(ER+) breast cancer. One such biomarker is cellular proliferation as evaluated by Ki-67. This …

In 2008 the estimated age-adjusted annual incidence of breast cancer in Europe (40
countries) was 88.4/100 000 and the mortality 24.3/100000. The incidence is increasing due …

Methotrexate is one of the commonly used drugs in rheumatology; however, its therapeutic
effect has many side effects, so its measurement is crucial. Therefore, a versatile modified …

The use of cytotoxic chemotherapy in both advanced and early stage breast cancer has
made significant progress in the last 10 years with several landmark studies identifying clear …