Before a lead compound goes through a clinical trial, preclinical studies utilize two‐
dimensional (2D) in vitro models and animal models to study the pharmacodynamics and …

Tremendous progress has been made in the field of toxicology leading to the advance of
developmental toxicity assessment. Conventional animal models and in vitro two …

Psychiatric disorders are often distinguished from neurological disorders in that the former
do not have characteristic lesions or findings from cerebrospinal fluid …

Abstract 3D laboratory tissue cultures have emerged as an alternative to traditional 2D
culture systems that do not recapitulate native cell behavior. The discrepancy between in …

Cancer is a major public health problem and one of the leading contributors to the global
disease burden. The high cost of development of new drugs and the increasingly severe …

Background The first human brain organoid protocol was presented in the beginning of the
previous decade, and since then, the field witnessed the development of many new brain …

Abstract Background and Purpose Cerebral organoids (COs) have been used for studying
brain development, neural disorders, and species‐specific drug pharmacology and …

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive brain cancer showing poor prognosis.
Currently, treatment methods of GBM are limited with adverse outcomes and low survival …

Three-dimensional organoid culture systems show great promise as innovative
physiological and pathophysiological models. Their applications in immunological research …

Acrylamide (ACR) is a common food contaminant with neurotoxic effects that are formed in
the Maillard browning reaction during the heat processing of food. Importantly, pregnant …