Bumble bees (Bombus) are unusually important pollinators, with approximately 260 wild
species native to all biogeographic regions except sub-Saharan Africa, Australia, and New …

Bees have been managed and utilised for honey production for centuries and, more
recently, pollination services. Since the mid 20th Century, the use and production of …

The microsporidian genera Nosema and Vairimorpha comprise a clade described from
insects. Currently the genus Nosema is defined as having a dimorphic life cycle …

Insect pollination constitutes an ecosystem service of global importance, providing
significant economic and aesthetic benefits as well as cultural value to human society …

Bacterial gut symbiont communities are critical for the health of many insect species.
However, little is known about how microbial communities vary among host species or how …

Fumagillin is the only antibiotic approved for control of nosema disease in honey bees and
has been extensively used in United States apiculture for more than 50 years for control of …

Infectious diseases are a primary driver of bee decline worldwide, but limited understanding
of how pathogens are transmitted hampers effective management. Flowers have been …

Emergent fungal diseases are critical factors in global biodiversity declines. The fungal
pathogen Nosema bombi was recently found to be widespread in declining species of North …

Species interaction networks, which play an important role in determining pathogen
transmission and spread in ecological communities, can shift in response to agricultural …

Several species of bumblebees have recently experienced range contractions and possible
extinctions. While threats to bees are numerous, few analyses have attempted to understand …