Antibiotic resistance is a global health emergency, with resistance detected to all antibiotics
currently in clinical use and only a few novel drugs in the pipeline. Understanding the …

Tripartite efflux pumps and the related type 1 secretion systems (T1SSs) in Gram-negative
organisms are diverse in function, energization, and structural organization. They form …

Membrane efflux pumps play a major role in bacterial multidrug resistance. The tripartite
multidrug efflux pump system from Escherichia coli, AcrAB-TolC, is a target for inhibition to …

The number of multidrug-resistant bacteria is rapidly spreading worldwide. Among the
various mechanisms determining resistance to antimicrobial agents, multidrug efflux pumps …

Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a silent pandemic that kills millions worldwide. Although the
development of new therapeutic agents against antibiotic resistance is in urgent demand …

The fitness landscape represents the complex relationship between genotype or phenotype
and fitness under a given environment, the structure of which allows the explanation and …

Acinetobacter are generally soil-dwelling organisms that can also cause serious human
infections. A. baumannii is one of the most common causative agents of Acinetobacter …

Gram-negative bacteria are contained by an envelope composed of inner and outer-
membranes with the peptidoglycan (PG) layer between them. Protein translocation across …

Antibiotic resistance is a global issue that threatens our progress in healthcare and life
expectancy. In recent years, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been considered as …

Tripartite resistance-nodulation-division (RND) efflux pumps, such as AcrAB-TolC of
Salmonella Typhimurium, contribute to antibiotic resistance and comprise an inner …