Throughout evolution, plants have developed a highly complex defense system against
different threats, including phytopathogens. Plant defense depends on constitutive and …

The pathogenesis‐related (PR) proteins of plants have originally been identified as proteins
that are strongly induced upon biotic and abiotic stress. These proteins fall into 17 distinct …

The diversification of effector function, driven by a co-evolutionary arms race, enables
pathogens to establish compatible interactions with hosts. Structurally conserved plant …

Highlights•Fungi can be symbionts and pathogens of both plant and animal hosts.•Fungal
effectors are key players involved in all host–fungal interactions.•Apoplastic or cytoplasmic …

Plants use programmed cell death as a potent defense response against biotrophic
pathogens that require living host cells to thrive. However, cell death can promote infection …

Pathogens utilize a panoply of effectors to manipulate plant defense. However, despite their
importance, relatively little is actually known about regulation of these virulence factors …

Phytopathogenic fungi secrete a large arsenal of effector molecules, including
proteinaceous effectors, small RNAs, phytohormones and derivatives thereof. The …

During evolution, plants have developed sophisticated ways to cope with different biotic and
abiotic stresses. Phytohormones and secondary metabolites are known to play pivotal roles …

Employing race‐specific resistance genes remains an effective strategy to protect wheat
from leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina (Pt) worldwide, while the newly emerged Pt races …

Great strides have been made in defining the details of the plant defense response involving
biotrophic fungal and bacterial pathogens. The groundwork for the current model was laid by …