Cancer immunity, and the potential for cancer immunotherapy, have been topics of scientific
discussion and experimentation for over a hundred years. Several successful cancer …

Programmed Death-1 (PD-1; CD279) is an inhibitory receptor induced in activated T cells.
PD-1 engagement by its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, maintains peripheral tolerance but also …

Cancer cells can evade the attack from host immune systems via hijacking the regulatory
circuits mediated by immune checkpoints. Therefore, reactivating the antitumor immunity by …

Tumor cells form immune escape and subsequently obtain unlimited proliferation ability due
to the abnormal immune surveillance mediated by immune checkpoints. Among this class of …

The immune system maintains a critically organized network to defend against foreign
particles, while evading self-reactivity simultaneously. T lymphocytes function as effectors …

Improved understanding of the immune system and its role in cancer development and
progression has led to impressive advances in the field of cancer immunotherapy over the …

The programmed death 1 (PD-1) receptor and its ligands programmed death ligand 1 (PD-
L1) and PD-L2, members of the CD28 and B7 families, play critical roles in T cell coinhibition …

Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors have a pivotal role in T cell biology, as they
determine the functional outcome of T cell receptor (TCR) signalling. The classic definition of …

Summary Targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 immunologic checkpoint with monoclonal antibodies
has recently provided breakthrough progress in the treatment of melanoma, non-small cell …

PD-1, a negative coreceptor expressed on antigen-stimulated T cells and B cells, seems to
serve as a'rheostat'of the immune response. The molecular mechanisms of the functions of …