Plants use programmed cell death as a potent defense response against biotrophic
pathogens that require living host cells to thrive. However, cell death can promote infection …

Effectors are small, secreted molecules that mediate the establishment of interactions in
nature. While some concepts of effector biology have stood the test of time, this area of study …

Background Scab, caused by the biotrophic fungus Venturia inaequalis, is the most
economically important disease of apples worldwide. During infection, V. inaequalis …

Parastagonospora nodorum is a necrotrophic pathogen of wheat that is particularly
destructive in major wheat-growing regions of the United States, northern Europe, Australia …

Cell death-inducing proteins (CDIPs) play important roles in the infection of Botrytis cinerea,
a broad host-range necrotrophic phytopathogen. Here, we show that the secreted protein …

Plant resistance (R) and pathogen avirulence (Avr) gene interactions play a vital role in
pathogen resistance. Efficient molecular screening tools for crops lack far behind their model …

Drought is the most prevalent environmental stress in crop production, posing a significant
danger to food security. Microorganisms in the crop root zone affect crop growth and …

Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (tan spot) is a destructive foliar pathogen of wheat with global
impact. This ascomycete fungus possesses a highly plastic open pangenome shaped by the …

The barley Mla locus contains functionally diversified genes that encode intracellular
nucleotide‐binding leucine‐rich repeat receptors (NLRs) and confer strain‐specific immunity …

Background NDR1/HIN1-like (NHL) family genes are known to be involved in pathogen
induced plant responses to biotic stress. Even though the NHL family genes have been …