Tumor microenvironment is a special environment for tumor survival, which is characterized
by hypoxia, acidity, nutrient deficiency, and immunosuppression. The environment consists …

Dendritic cells (DCs) are fundamental for the initiation and maintenance of immune
responses against malignant cells. Despite the unique potential of DCs to elicit robust …

Chronic inflammation triggers compensatory immunosuppression to stop inflammation and
minimize tissue damage. Studies have demonstrated that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress …

Metabolic constraints in the tumor microenvironment constitute a barrier to effective
antitumor immunity and similarities in the metabolic properties of T cells and cancer cells …

As one of the typical adoptive cell transfer modality, cytokine-induced killer cell (CIK)-
mediated immunotherapy exhibits promising applications in cancer treatment. However, the …

M2-tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) play an important role in tumor genesis,
progression, and metastasis, and repolarizing M2-TAMs to immune-promoting M1 type is …

As one of the deadliest diseases, cancer frequently resists existing therapeutics because
they do not target all cells within a progressing tumor, for example both tumor stem and …

Sustaining both proteome and genome integrity (GI) requires the integration of a wide range
of mechanisms and signaling pathways. These comprise, in particular, the unfolded protein …

Immunotherapy shifted the paradigm of cancer treatment. The clinical approval of immune
checkpoint blockade and adoptive cell transfer led to considerable success in several tumor …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contains stress sensors which recognize the accumulation
of unfolded proteins within the lumen of ER, and subsequently these transducers stimulate …