Phosphorylation of proteins is a ubiquitous mechanism of regulating their function,
localization, or activity. Protein kinases, enzymes that use ATP to phosphorylate protein …

Eukaryotic protein kinases (EPKs) control most biological processes and play central roles
in many human diseases. To become catalytically active, EPKs undergo conversion from an …

Studies on the structures and functions of individual kinases have been used to understand
the biological properties of other kinases that do not yet have experimental structures. The …

Tyrosine kinases were first discovered as the protein products of viral oncogenes. We now
know that this large family of metazoan enzymes includes nearly one hundred structurally …

Kinases are an intensively studied drug target class in current pharmacological research as
evidenced by the large number of kinase inhibitors being assessed in clinical trials. Kinase …

The sequence of events that initiates T cell signaling is dictated by the specificities and order
of activation of the tyrosine kinases that signal downstream of the T cell receptor. Using a …

Ligand bias is the ability of ligands to differentially activate certain receptor signaling
responses compared with others. It reflects differences in the responses of a receptor to …

Humans have 437 catalytically competent protein kinase domains with the typical kinase
fold, similar to the structure of Protein Kinase A (PKA). Only 155 of these kinases are in the …

Structural information on the interactions of proteins with other molecules is plentiful, and for
some proteins and protein families, there may be 100s of available structures. It can be very …

Protein kinases lie at the heart of cell-signaling processes and are often mutated in disease.
Kinase target recognition at the active site is in part determined by a few amino acids around …