In this narrative review, the biological/biochemical impact (toxicity) of a large array of known
individual uremic retention solutes and groups of solutes is summarized. We classified these …

Reviewing the current picture of uremic toxicity reveals its complexity. Focusing on
cardiovascular damage as a model of uremic effects resulting in substantial morbidity and …

The mechanisms underlying the insulin resistance that frequently accompanies CKD are
poorly understood, but the retention of renally excreted compounds may play a role. One …

Kidney dysfunction leads to disturbed renal metabolic activities and to impaired glomerular
filtration, resulting in the retention of toxic solutes affecting all organs of the body …

Disorders of glucose homeostasis are common in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and are
associated with increased mortality, but the mechanisms of impaired insulin secretion in this …

From the immunologic viewpoint, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by
disorders of both the innate and adaptive systems, generating a complex and still not fully …

In glycation reactions, the side chains of protein‐bound nucleophilic amino acids such as
lysine and arginine are post‐translationally modified to a variety of derivatives also known …

Indoxyl sulphate (IS) is a protein-bound uremic toxin that results from the metabolism of
dietary tryptophan normally excreted by kidney through the proximal tubules. Thus the toxin …

Background. The guanidines asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), a marker of endothelial
dysfunction, and its counterpart symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), considered inert, are …

During chronic kidney disease (CKD), there is a progressive accumulation of toxic solutes
due to inadequate renal clearance. Here, the interaction between uremic toxins and two …