Stress is an important risk factor for modern chronic diseases, with distinct influences in
males and females. The sex specificity of the mammalian stress response contributes to the …

A variety of stressful experiences can influence the ability to form and subsequently inhibit
fear memory. While nonsocial stress can impact fear learning and memory throughout the …

Several factors, including environmental modifications, stimulate neuroplasticity. One type of
neuroplasticity consists in the generation of new neurons in the dentate gyrus of the …

A hallmark of anxiety-related disorders is difficulties in inhibiting irrational and excessive
fear. Fear and anxiety usually occur as a result of internal or external cues (Anderson and …

Not all who are trauma-exposed develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). An important
feature in its emergence is adverse early-life experiences, which should be represented in …

Patients diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) present with a spectrum of
debilitating anxiety symptoms resulting from exposure to trauma. Women are twice as likely …

In rodents, the first weeks of postnatal life feature remarkable changes in fear memory
acquisition, retention, extinction, and discrimination. Early development is also marked by …

Cognitive impairments associated with advanced age involve alterations in the
hippocampus that changes with experience throughout life. The hippocampus is critical for …

Here, we examined retrospective reports of adults' earliest autobiographical memory, the
age of this report and whether the reported age was associated with exposure to early life …

Abstract Effects of a specific factor on fear extinction or exposure therapy have revealed
promising results, for example how sex or stress hormones exert the capability to critically …