Objective Police use-of-force continues to be a major source of international concern,
inviting interest from academics and practitioners alike. Whether justified or unnecessary …

Using data collected as part of an observational study of the police in Indianapolis, Indiana,
and St. Petersburg, Florida, this article examines police use of force to gain a better …

This study analyzes 131 police–citizen interactions observed during Fall 2016 and coded
through systematic social observation. We assessed how often officers use de-escalation …

A substantial amount of research has been conducted to identify the most influential
predictors of police use of force decisions. Attempts to summarize this research, however …

Swencionis & Goff identified five situations that tend to increase the likelihood that an
individual police officer may behave in a racially disparate way: discretion, inexperience …

Using a diversity of samples, sources of data, measures of force, analytical methods, and
theoretical frameworks, prior research reported that the prevalence of police use of force …

Policing in America, Ninth Edition, provides a thorough analysis of the key issues in policing
today, and offers an issues-oriented discussion focusing on critical concerns such as …

In recent years, the killing of suspects by police and the “militarization” of police have drawn
considerable public attention, but there is little analysis of a relationship between the two. In …

The police are empowered to use various forms of coercion to accomplish legitimate duties,
but they also may employ them gratuitously in violation of law or departmental policy. These …

Using data collected as part of an observational study of the police in Indianapolis, Indiana,
and St. Petersburg, Florida, this research examines 3,544 police-suspect encounters in an …