Standards have played an important role in food trade for a very long time. Their rapid
growth in recent years has triggered vigorous debates on their impacts on international trade …

This paper reassesses the impact of trade liberalization on productivity. We build a new,
unique database of effective tariff rates at the country‐industry level for a broad range of …

The recent literature on preferential trade agreements (PTAs) emphasizes the distinction
between the extensive and intensive margins. What has been missing is the distinction …

How great is the impact of non-tariff barriers on trade in the Eurasian Economic Union
(EAEU) and how much will internal trade grow if they are eliminated? The Treaty on the …

Despite the impressive success of trade liberalization, domestic industries continue to find
ways to use the power of government to protect themselves from foreign competition. The …

This volume presents new developments in nontariff measure (NTM) policy analysis by
leading authors in the field; from conceptual developments and methodology improvements …

The benefits of global trade are primarily attributed to reducing trade distortions between
trading partners. The anticipated promise of a progressive diminution in tariffs throughout the …

With the formation of the WTO/GATT, a substantial reduction of tariff barriers (TBs) was
achieved, but many countries then tried to use more non-tariff barriers (NTBs) to achieve …

Major macroeconomic realignments are affecting prospects differentially across the world's
countries and regions. The April 2016 WEO examines the causes and implications of these …

Nontariff Measures (NTMs) encompass all policy instruments other than tariffs, from labeling
requirements to macro-policies affecting trade. These measures have been growing as …