Abstract Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, is
involved in innate immunity and mediates inflammatory responses by recognizing …

Background Since the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic,
many individuals have reported persistent symptoms and/or complications lasting beyond 4 …

Melatonin is an ancient molecule that originated in bacteria. When these prokaryotes were
phagocytized by early eukaryotes, they eventually developed into mitochondria and …

Silicosis is a global problem, and it has brought about great burdens to society and patients'
families. The etiology of silicosis is clear, preventable, and controllable, but the onset is …

The Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway plays a central role in the prompt defense
against infectious challenge and provides immediate response to Gram-negative bacterial …

Purpose Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) is a naturally-occurring compound derived from
Astragalus membranaceus with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, its …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic lung disease characterized by a progressive
decline in lung function and poor prognosis. The deposition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) …

Overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and iNOS have been found to be concomitant
with several chronic inflammatory diseases and hence targeting their inhibition would be a …

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, has induced a
worldwide pandemic since early 2020. COVID-19 causes pulmonary inflammation …

Despite the recent therapeutic developments for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis, its
prognosis is still not well controlled, and a novel therapeutic agent is needed. Recently, the …