Chemotaxis enables microorganisms to move according to chemical gradients. Although
this process requires substantial cellular energy, it also affords key physiological benefits …

Chemoreceptors in bacteria detect a variety of signals and feed this information into
chemosensory pathways that represent a major mode of signal transduction. The five …

The heme iron complex is one of the most important cofactors in biological systems (Figure
1). The major functions of the heme iron complex are to serve as the O2 binding site for …

Bacteria have evolved a variety of signal transduction mechanisms that generate different
outputs in response to external stimuli. Chemosensory pathways are widespread in bacteria …

Highlights•PAS domains are common sensing, signaling, dimerization, and localization
domains.•Sensing versatility derives from a conserved cleft that binds cofactors and …

Signal perception is a key function in regulating biological activities and adapting to
changing environments. Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) domains are ubiquitous sensors found in …

Microorganisms live in fluctuating environments, requiring stress response pathways to
resist environmental insults and stress. These pathways dynamically monitor cellular status …

The ubiquitous bacterial cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) emerges as an
important messenger for the control of many bacterial cellular functions including virulence …

Chemotaxis is crucial for the survival of bacteria, and the signaling systems associated with
it exhibit a high level of evolutionary conservation. The architecture of the chemosensory …

Bacteria sense and respond to their environment, allowing them to maximize their survival
and growth under changing conditions, such as oxygen levels. Direct oxygen-sensing …