Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived nanoparticles that are important mediators in
intercellular communication. This function makes them auspicious candidates for therapeutic …

Vaccines often require adjuvants to be effective. Traditional adjuvants, like alum, activate the
immune response but in an uncontrolled way. Newer adjuvants help to direct the immune …

Pathogenic bacteria interact with cells of their host via many factors. The surface
components, ie, adhesins, lipoproteins, LPS and glycoconjugates, are particularly important …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a dominant component of the Gram-negative bacterial outer
membrane, is a strong activator of the innate immune system, and thereby an important …

Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is becoming a common global concern due to the
emergence of multi-drug or pan-drug resistant strains. Confronting the issue of antimicrobial …

Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) is a common pathogen causing a secondary bacterial
infection following influenza, which leads to severe morbidity and mortality during seasonal …

Salmonella enteric serovar infections result in high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Cross-
protective vaccines are an effective strategy in controlling salmonellosis caused by multiple …

The increase of Zika virus (ZIKV) infections in Brazil in the last two years leaves a
prophylactic measures on alert for this new and emerging pathogen. Concerning of our …

A new Yersinia pseudotuberculosis mutant strain, YptbS46, carrying the lpxE insertion and
pmrF‐J deletion is constructed and shown to exclusively produce monophosphoryl lipid A …

For the batch release of vaccines, potency release assays are required. Non-animal in vitro
tests have numerous advantages and are preferred; however, several vaccines are still …