Surface mass balance (SMB) provides mass input to the surface of the Antarctic and
Greenland Ice Sheets and therefore comprises an important control on ice sheet mass …

The Greenland ice sheet has become one of the main contributors to global sea level rise,
predominantly through increased meltwater runoff. The main drivers of Greenland ice sheet …

We review recent literature on atmospheric, surface ocean and sea-ice observations and
modeling results in the Antarctic sector and relate the observed climatic trends with the …

In Earth system models, terrestrial snow is usually modeled by the land surface component.
In most cases, these snow models have been developed with an emphasis on seasonal …

Winter is a critical season for reindeer herding, with the amount and quality of snow being
among the most important factors determining the condition of reindeer and the annual …

Firn simulations are essential for understanding Antarctic ice sheet mass change, as they
enable us to convert satellite altimetry observed volume changes to mass changes and …

Runoff has recently become the main source of mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet and
is an important contributor to global sea level rise. Linking runoff to surface meltwater …

The oldest ice core records are obtained from the East Antarctic Plateau. Water isotopes are
key proxies to reconstructing past climatic conditions over the ice sheet and at the …

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) transport large amounts of moisture from the mid-to high-latitudes
and they are a primary driver of the most extreme snowfall events, along with surface …

Owing to drifting snow processes, snow accumulation and surface density in polar
environments are variable in space and time. We present new field data of manual …