Lipid droplets (LDs) are complex and metabolically active organelles. They are composed of
a neutral lipid core surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids and proteins. LD …

The innate immune system is central for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and quickly
responds to local or systemic perturbations by pathogenic or sterile insults. This rapid …

CD4+ effector T cells (Teff cells) and regulatory T cells (Treg cells) undergo metabolic
reprogramming to support proliferation and immunological function. Although signaling via …

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is an evolutionarily conserved
signaling pathway that senses intra‐and extracellular nutrients, growth factors, and …

Mutations in the leucine-rich-repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are associated with familial and
sporadic cases of Parkinson's disease but are also found in immune-related disorders such …

Background: Anthracyclines, such as doxorubicin (DOX), are potent anticancer agents for
the treatment of solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. However, their clinical use is …

Inflammation is a complex biological defense system associated with a series of chronic
diseases such as cancer, arthritis, diabetes, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative …

Lysosomes are the terminal degradative compartment of autophagy, endocytosis and
phagocytosis. What once was viewed as a simple acidic organelle in charge of …

Background The steroid hormone estrogen (17-β-estradiol, E2) provides neuroprotection
against cerebral ischemic injury by activating estrogen receptors. The novel estrogen …

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionary conserved Ser/Thr protein
kinase that senses multiple upstream stimuli to control cell growth, metabolism, and …