The hypocotyl is the embryonic stem connecting the primary root to the cotyledons.
Hypocotyl length varies tremendously depending on the conditions. This developmental …

In higher plants, seed is a propagule which ensures dissemination and survival of species.
Developmental phases of a seed comprise embryogenesis, maturation and germination …

An apical hook is a special structure formed during skotomorphogenesis in dicotyledonous
plant species. It is critical for protecting the shoot apical meristem from mechanical damage …

The phytohormone gibberellic acid (GA) is critical for environmentally sensitive plant
development including germination, skotomorphogenesis, and flowering. The Förster …

Germinated plants grow in darkness until they emerge above the soil. To help the seedling
penetrate the soil, most dicot seedlings develop an etiolated apical structure consisting of an …

The apical hook protects cotyledons and the shoot apical meristem from mechanical injuries
during seedling emergence from the soil. HOOKLESS1 (HLS1) is a central regulator of …

The cleavage of intracellular domains of receptor-like kinases (RLKs) has an important
functional role in the transduction of signals from the cell surface to the nucleus in many …

Lateral roots (LRs) are crucial for plants to sense environmental signals in addition to water
and nutrient absorption. Auxin is key for LR formation, but the underlying mechanisms are …

Auxin regulates plant growth and development through downstream signaling pathways,
including the best-known SCFTIR1/AFB-Aux/IAA-ARF pathway and several other less …

Apical hook is a simple curved structure formed at the upper part of hypocotyls when dicot
seeds germinate in darkness. The hook structure is transient but essential for seedlings' …