Venous abnormalities contribute to the pathophysiology of several neurological conditions.
This paper reviews the literature regarding venous abnormalities in multiple sclerosis (MS) …

Background The role of the extracranial venous system in the pathology of central nervous
system (CNS) disorders and aging is largely unknown. It is acknowledged that the …

We present a global, closed‐loop, multiscale mathematical model for the human circulation
including the arterial system, the venous system, the heart, the pulmonary circulation and the …

Background The quantification of the flow returning from the head through the cervical veins
and the collaterals of the internal jugular vein (IJV), is becoming of prominent interest in …

In the first decade of the twenty-first century, whole-body magnetic resonance scanners with
high field strengths (and thus potentially better signal-to-noise ratios) were developed. At the …

The evidence that hypoxia is a precipitating factor in causing early MS lesions includes
increased protein levels of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α; presence of the D‐110 hypoxia …

The extra-cranial venous system is complex and not well studied in comparison to the
peripheral venous system. A newly proposed vascular condition, named chronic …

A consensus on venous flow quantification using echo spectral Doppler sonography is
lacking. Doppler sonography data from 83 healthy individuals were examined using …

Scientific debate over chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) has drawn
attention to venous system involvement in a series of pathologic brain conditions. In the last …

Background The presence of abnormal anatomy and flow in neck veins has been recently
linked to neurological diseases. The precise impact of extra-cranial abnormalities such as …