Landmarks are accepted as one of the vital elements in both virtual and real environments
during wayfinding tasks. This paper provides an overview of the existing literature on the …

Landmarks are a fascinating subject of research. On one hand they are ubiquitous in our
thinking and speaking about our living environment. We refer to them when describing our …

Spatial language incorporates descriptions of locations, routes, and landscapes, and is used
by humans daily. Research has addressed a wide range of aspects of spatial language …

Landmarks are essential and widely used in human navigation. However, many indoor
environments lack visually salient landmarks, which leads to difficulties in navigating in and …

The complexity of urban physical environments at road intersections is a primary factor
characterizing the difficulty of wayfinding, which is a fundamental spatial activity of human …

All living creatures inscribe their activity in space. Human beings acquire knowledge of this
space by traversing it, listening to verbal descriptions, and looking at maps, atlases, and …

Place descriptions are used in everyday communication as a common way to convey spatial
information. Processing the information from place descriptions poses multiple significant …

The continuous assessment of pedestrians' cognitive load during a naturalistic mobile map-
assisted navigation task is challenging because of limited experimental control over stimulus …

The process of urban landmark-based navigation has proven to be difficult to study in a
rigorous fashion, primarily due to confounding variables and the problem of obtaining …

The prevalent use of GPS-based navigation systems impairs peoples' ability to orient
themselves. This paper investigates whether wayfinding maps that accentuate different …