The human stress response has evolved to maintain homeostasis under conditions of real or
perceived stress. This objective is achieved through autoregulatory neural and hormonal …

The past decade has seen several critical advances in our understanding of hypothalamic–
pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis regulation. Homeostatic physiological circuits need to integrate …

The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is the major neuroendocrine axis regulating
homeostasis in mammals. Glucocorticoid hormones are rapidly synthesized and secreted …

Adrenal glucocorticoids are major modulators of multiple functions, including energy
metabolism, stress responses, immunity, and cognition. The endogenous secretion of …

The hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis represents a complex neuroendocrine
feedback loop controlling the secretion of adrenal glucocorticoid hormones. Central to its …

The hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis regulates circulating levels of glucocorticoid
hormones, and is the major neuroendocrine system in mammals that provides a rapid …

Disrupted circadian activity is associated with many neuropsychiatric disorders. A major
coordinator of circadian biological systems is adrenal glucocorticoid secretion which exhibits …

The disruption of circadian rhythms by environmental conditions can induce alterations in
body homeostasis, from behavior to metabolism. The light: dark cycle is the most reliable …

Living organisms are highly complex systems that must maintain a dynamic equilibrium or
homeostasis that requires energy to be sustained. Stress is a state in which several extrinsic …

In the fast lane of chronobiology, ultradian events are short-term rhythms that have been
observed since the beginning of modern biology and were quantified about a century ago …